Among the most under-appreciated components in any audio system are the speakers. You could be using the best source unit on the planet, an amazing amplifier, and the most esoteric of interconnects and speaker cables – but if you don’t have great speakers, you still won’t have great sound. Your speakers are the only link between your electronics and your ears, so choosing great speakers is critically important to reproducing great sound. This article discusses what you get when you spend more money on speakers.

More Power Handling

Several factors limit the ability of a speaker to convert an electrical signal into speaker cone motion. One such limit is thermal capacity – just how much heat the voice coil, tinsel leads, former and cone can handle before one of them fails. Heat is the number-one enemy of speakers. Most of the power you send to your speakers is converted to heat rather than to sound – in fact, probably 95% or more is converted to heat.

As the quality of speakers increases, you often encounter a larger voice coil and better cooling technologies. These features, coupled with tighter tolerances around the voice coil, result in a speaker that can absorb more energy without failing.

More Excursion

Often tied directly to how much power a speaker can handle is the distance the speaker cone can move forward or back. This specification is called excursion. For most speakers, the specification for excursion is called Xmax. Xmax is the distance the cone can move in one direction without the voice coil moving out of the magnetic field, and the measurement is typically provided in millimeters.

A second and often equally important specification is Xmech or Xsus. These specifications describe the physical limit of how far the cone can move, based on the design of the suspension (spider and surround). A speaker can be pushed past the Xmax limit, but as this happens, distortion occurs. When a speaker cone reaches its physical excursion limit, distortion will spike even higher. When it comes to speakers, there is no good distortion, so operating them within their physical limits is critical to producing accurate sound.

Why is excursion important? When combined with the ability to handle more power, a “better” speaker will play louder when provided with more power. The same features also help to reduce a phenomenon called power compression. Power compression is a reduction in the efficiency of a speaker as its components heat up. The key drawback to power compression is that when the music gets quieter, you turn the volume up, thereby sending more power to the speaker and accelerating the heating effect. In no time, the speaker will fail.

Excursion Linearity

It’s one thing for a speaker to have good power handling and excursion characteristics. It is equally important that the speaker remains linear throughout its excursion-based operating range. All speakers change in their characteristics as excursion increases – a great speaker minimizes these.

Let’s look at a common problem with “simple speakers.” One of the characteristics that limit the high-frequency response of a woofer or midrange driver is inductance. The voice coil of the speaker has some natural inductance because, well – it is a coil of wire. This inductance is increased when we place the voice coil around the T-yoke of a speaker.

This is where the problem occurs: As the coil moves forward, some of it may leave the T-yoke, which will reduce inductance. As the coil moves rearward, inductance may increase. The result is that the speaker has different frequency responses depending on where it is within its range of excursion. Truly excellent speakers use technologies to minimize these effects. The result are speakers that sound just as good at low to moderate drive levels as they do when being pushed hard.

More Frequency Response

This is a bit harder to describe, because sometimes the improvement from a basic to a mid-priced speaker, or a mid-priced speaker to a high-end one, is extended frequency response. More often, it’s smoother frequency response. Better-quality speakers are, ideally, designed to reduce distortion caused by cone resonances, suspension nonlinearities and magnetic field imbalances. As you spend more on speakers, you will see that peaks in their frequency response, especially in the midbass region, are tamed.

Many great speakers still exhibit some cone resonances at high frequencies. As long as the speaker you are using in the adjacent band will play low enough, those peaks are not critical.

Reduced Distortion

When a speaker designer combines an appropriately damped and rigid cone with a carefully designed motor and suspension, the result is a speaker that produces less distortion. Some distortions are very subtle, while others are quite pronounced. Speakers exhibit both even- and odd-ordered harmonic distortions, depending on what component or design issue is to blame.

If you have read our article on distortion, then you know that it is the effect of adding content that was not in the original program material. Harmonic distortion results in even or odd multiples of a specific frequency.

When you hear an amazing speaker, the difference between it and an average speaker is clarity. Smooth frequency response and a lack of distortion make each sound the speaker produces more faithful to the recording. Voices will sound more realistic. Instruments will sound more natural. Complex passages will become easier to understand.

It is also critical to point out that distortions cannot be removed from a signal or sound once created. No amount of equalization can extract those harmonics. Yes, you can reduce their level, but you also reduce the level of original signal information at those same frequencies. The only solution is to use a speaker that does not introduce distortion.

The Right Tool for the Job

Another item that differentiates a good speaker from a great one is its design in terms of application. Let’s use a typical 6.5” midrange/midbass speaker as an example. If the speaker is designed to work in a typical door or rear deck-style installation, the Thiele-Small parameters for that transducer will be optimized for that application. If you attempt to put that speaker into a small kick panel pod that has only 0.1 cubic feet of air space, you will choke it. The low-frequency response will be dramatically reduced; typically, a bump in the midbass region will occur, and it will likely not sound very good. Most 6.5” speakers need an enclosure volume of about 0.6 cubic feet, and some want closer to 1.0 for smooth frequency response.

How do you look for a speaker designed for the right application? That is product knowledge that a properly trained mobile electronics retailer can provide. Do you need a midrange that will work in a small A-pillar pod? Do you need a woofer that will work in an infinite baffle application? Will your midbass driver be used with a subwoofer, or do you need one that will be the sole source of bass in the system? Knowing the intended application for a speaker ensures that the system designer will use it appropriately.

Are More Expensive Speakers Always Better?

Does price always determine performance? In the upper echelon of any audio industry, the rewards for spending exponentially more money diminish. That is to say, the improvement you get from spending $500 on a set of speakers as compared to $200 may not be as dramatic as the difference between $2,500 and $2,200.

Every speaker manufacturer wants you to buy their speakers. They all work hard to come up with great marketing programs to make you want to buy their products. Your goal in choosing an amazing speaker is to ignore the story and listen.

The best way is first to establish a reference. Listen to the best speakers you can find. Don’t worry about the price. You simply want to understand what is available. Then, choose your price point and listen to something in that range. If you can accept the differences, then proceed. If you can’t, re-evaluate your needs or your budget. You can’t get that extra level of clarity, dynamics and detail any other way.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

According to a AAA survey, the average American drives for about 45 minutes each day. If you compare this time to an eight hour work day, that’s 10% of your work day, on top of the hours you are at your desk. This time is not an insignificant number. If your job involves being on the road, then your time spent behind the wheel can represent half of your day. Being able to be productive while in your vehicle is not only convenient, but in some cases, mandatory to get all the work you need to get done in one day completed. Modern smartphone integration comes to the rescue with Apple CarPlay.

Apple CarPlay History

Apple recognized the need to give people the ability to use their phones in a safe fashion while driving back in 2010. The feature was called iPod Out. BMW announced that it would include iPod Out at the WWDC that year. The concept was that BMW would provide a way for its vehicles to ‘host’ specific applications. The information would be displayed on the factory screen while providing button press and knob rotation information back to the radio.

The next evolution was the introduction of Siri Eyes Free in some Honda Accord and the Acura RDX and ILX models in 2013. Siri Eyes Free is a way to make use of the Siri voice recognition function that Apple Introduced with iOS 5 and the iPhone 4S in October 2011. Apple has marketed Siri as a personal assistant. It allows you to talk to your Apple device to make phone calls, send text messages, set reminders and choose the music you want to hear. Using Siri Eyes Free is simple- press and hold a button on your car radio, wait for the tone, and then speak.

Siri will listen to what you said, convert that to a command and execute it, all without you needing to take your eyes off the road.

Between the time that Apple announced iPod Out and the Geneva Motor Show in March of 2014, Apple was working on the next generation of automotive integration under the code name Stark. At the Geneva Motor Show, they announced ‘iOS in the Car.’ Later that year, Ferrari introduced the new FF model with a fully working version of Apple CarPlay. A few months later, Hyundai announced the Sonata would also feature CarPlay. Most automobile manufacturers have CarPlay available on their mid to high trim level vehicles now.

Apple CarPlay Interface Overview

Apple’s current marketing touts CarPlay as ‘The Ultimate Copilot.’ The features are designed to allow you to communicate with family, friends, and coworkers without significant distraction. The basic feature set of CarPlay includes making and receiving phone calls, choosing the music you want to listen to, getting navigation instructions and sending and receiving text messages.

Apple has worked hard to ensure that the above functions are usable without unnecessary distraction. As soon as you plug your phone into the USB port of your radio, CarPlay launches automatically.

CarPlay does not display incoming text messages on the screen of the radio. Messages are read aloud to prevent users from looking at the dash. However, there are no options presented when asking Apple Maps to plan a navigation route.

Selecting music to play is as easy as requesting the track title, artist or even genre of music you want to enjoy. CarPlay will start playing what you want right away. Apple has also included support for Apple Music- a streaming service powered by iTunes. CarPlay also supports Apple Podcast and Audiobooks. You can select the episode you want to listen to via the touchscreen interface, then play, pause or skip 15 seconds forward or back. Apple CarPlay provides support for several third-party applications including Pandora, Spotify, iHeartRadio, Audible and MLB At Bat.

Apple has released information to application developers in order to allow for the creation of more third party applications. You will see more and more third-party applications added to the CarPlay interface as time passes. Apple will, of course, be selective in their approval process, so don’t expect to see competing navigation applications any time soon.

The Future of Apple CarPlay

Unveiled by BMW in October of 2016, future iterations of CarPlay will function wirelessly. The 2017 BMW 5-Series sedans, when used with an iPhone 6 or newer, will allow users to use CarPlay without the need to plug in the Lightning connector. Wireless CarPlay communicates over a Bluetooth data connection.

Apple is tight-lipped about future functionality of CarPlay. There have been rumours about vehicle function control like remote door lock control, remote starting and trunk release, but so far nothing is set in stone. Another rumored feature is the ability of your phone to remember where you parked your car once you have arrived at your destination.

Apple has led the industry with safe and convenient integration of your smartphone to your vehicle. The future of ‘connected cars’ promises to allow us to share information and offer better communication while remaining safe. If you are interested in adding CarPlay to your vehicle, visit your local mobile electronics specialist retailer. They can show you what options are available for your vehicle.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.

When it comes to listening to music, there seem to be two kinds of listeners in the context of “where the sound comes from.” Some people want to be enveloped by the music. They want to feel like they are in the very middle of the performance, with sound all around them. This style is sort of like listening to a set of headphones. The other listener wants their music to come from in front of them. This “forward-facing soundstage” style is more like listening to a home audio system or a movie theater.

There is no right or wrong – everyone has their preference. But high-end mobile audio systems are, for the most part, designed for the latter – people who want to feel as if they are sitting in the middle of the audience at an amazing concert.

There is also that guy in the Monte Carlo with the 6x9s in open-backed boxes in the rear window. He, thankfully, is gone now. If you happen to see him, cut off his mullet and drag him to a car stereo shop, please, and thanks!

Imagining a Soundstage

This article talks about an imaginary soundstage. But what in the world is a soundstage?

Imagine a band set up on a stage 20 feet in front of you. Let’s say there is a lead singer in the center of the stage, right at the forward edge. Behind him or her, someone is at a grand piano. To the right of the piano is a big drum kit with several cymbals all around the performer. In front of the drummer, to the right of the lead singer, is someone sitting on a stool with an upright bass. To the left of the singer is someone with a trombone. To the left of them is someone with a trumpet. Behind the trumpet player, to the left of the pianist, is a xylophone player. The xylophone player is also going to sing some backing vocals. So is the drummer.

Imagine those different positions for a second. They not only range laterally across the soundstage, but there is depth to their locations.

This unique and perhaps rare grouping of performers represents all the source aspects of your soundstage, but their locations don’t represent the limits of that stage. Let’s consider the venue in our analogy as well. A medium-size club of some sort. Wooden walls, a hard floor and a high ceiling. The room where we listen to our performance is a huge contributing factor to the sound of the performers. (If you ever have the chance to visit the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, TN, do it! Even if you aren’t into country music, this venue is amazing.)

So, here we have our performers and our venue. We are going sit about 20 feet back from the center of the stage and let the show unfold for us. Our experience as the performers play defines the soundstage. We hear each instrument in its position on the soundstage. We also hear the sound of those instruments reflecting off the side walls of the club.

To reproduce the performance accurately, we need to reproduce those reflections as well. Capturing those reflections requires a specific recording style – so it may, or may not, happen. A recording of a live performance is much more likely to have that information than a studio recording.

Our Auditorium on the Road

There it is. The space in front of us, where the music is coming from, is our soundstage. If you get a chance to listen to your favorite recordings on a high-end home audio system, and you choose to sit equidistant from the speakers, then you probably have experienced a fairly accurate soundstage. The perceived location of where our music is coming from regarding height, width and depth is our soundstage.

Sadly, most mobile audio systems can’t or don’t recreate this very well. It’s a shame, because experiencing each performer in their correct location, including depth (one performer behind another) brings an amazing level of realism to your music. The good news: Recreating a soundstage in your car isn’t all that hard.

If you let the salesperson and installer at your local mobile electronics retailer know that you want a soundstage in your vehicle, they can design your system that way. Let’s assume we are building a whole new system from scratch, just to make this easier.

The first step will be to select a set of good-quality speakers for the front of your car. You mostly likely will want a component set unless you can fit a large (5-1/4” or larger) coaxial on the dash. Since most vehicles have the front speakers down low in the door, using a component set will let the shop you use install the tweeters up high and far forward. If the tweeters play low enough, say 2.5 kHz, then a skilled tuner can make the sound appear to come from the dash level, rather than the floor.

The next step to creating a soundstage is to have a way to tune those speakers. We aren’t talking about amplifier gain settings. We need control over equalization, output level and signal delay. Because the driver of the vehicle sits closer to the left speakers, those will appear to be louder, and we will hear the sound being reproduced by them sooner than the sound from the other side of the car. The simplest of systems with great soundstages will have either a source unit or external DSP unit with three-way crossovers, stereo equalizers and the ability to delay the signal going to each speaker.

With the above tools in place, your installer can set up the system so the sound coming from each speaker in the front of the car – from both midrange drivers and both tweeters – arrives at the listening position at the same time. Your installer will also tune the system so the left side of the car sounds the same as the right side. This tuning helps to eliminate frequency steering. Frequency steering causes the source location of a sound to move around the soundstage depending on frequency.

Next-level Performance

The above example offers a great two-way front stage. We would, of course, assume you are going to use a subwoofer in the system. A set of door speakers, even great ones, won’t be able to reproduce the bottom octave of the audio spectrum with any authority. With the sub in the system, it’s now called a three-way system. What if you want the system to sound even more realistic in terms of the placement of voices on the soundstage?

One way to improve your soundstage is to install a set of midrange drivers up high and far forward in the car. The A-pillars, dash speaker locations, and high and forward in the door are common midrange locations. If you can get a midrange that will play down to at least 300 Hz, the ability to solidify the dash as the source of the sound becomes much better. Rather than having deeper voices coming from lower in the door, now they will be focus better across the dash.

Another advantage of a three-way speaker set is that the woofer is often capable of producing slightly deeper midbass than an equivalent two-way speaker set.

The four-way system is going to cost more. You need two more speakers, two more amplifier channels, somewhere to mount those new speakers and probably another 30 to 60 minutes worth of system tuning. But yes, it’s totally worth it.

In these systems, the focus of performance is tailored to the driver’s seat alone. The passenger isn’t going to enjoy the same experience. That said, if you and your co-pilot both want to enjoy equally amazing audio, there are solutions in the works. By the spring or summer of 2017, everyone in the car will be able to enjoy an amazingly realistic soundstage across the dash.

This article provides an overview of the system design requirements for creating a system with a good soundstage. There are a lot of variables and hundreds, if not thousands, of options regarding how to execute to fine-tune the concept.

This is where your experienced mobile electronics retailer comes in. Use their knowledge, skill and experience to help bring your desire for musical realism to reality. If you’re out cruising around, drop into your local mobile electronics specialist retailer and ask if they have a demo vehicle that produces a great soundstage. If you have never experienced one, you will be blown away! Best Car Audio will not be held responsible for the ensuing audio addiction.

This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.